How Energy Can Be Conserved, The Fiscal Value Of...

Introduction In the world that we live in today, energy is in high demand. Businesses and family budgets require energy efficiency in order to get their money’s worth. Technology is being constantly developed to help make our energy sources more efficient. More efficient lighting, like LED light bulbs are being produced to conserve energy, along with more efficient vehicles. Some of these technologies are more readily implemented, and affordable than others, but efforts are still being made to make the world a more energy-efficient place. In addition to energy efficiency saving money for businesses and households, it also helps reduce the emission of greenhouse gases that contribute to global climate change. Summary This research†¦show more content†¦Sources of greenhouse gases include: 1) Domestic gas used in homes for heating water, the stove, and the house in general. This tends to be the most noteworthy source of emissions by individuals. ³ 2) Electricity used for running refrigerators, dryers, and televisions, and charging devices uses approximately 4,000 units of electricity per annually. ³ 3) Traveling by air is also a part of the average person’s carbon footprint; although the tendency tends to be for a person to either rarely fly, or fly often (as in about twenty flights yearly). ³ 4) Electronics like phones, iPods, and laptops use up energy, and have to be charged often. ³ 5) The food that we eat is also a component of our carbon footprint. The fertilizers used to grow, and produce the food that we buy is the main source of greenhouse gases in the food process; although packaging, and transporting food is also a small part of it. ³ 6) The production of the cl othes that we wear has an impact. Manmade materials give off less emissions opposed to products like cotton and wool. ³ 7) Paper uses up a lot of energy when it is produced. Recycling helps reduce the amount of energy expended in paper production. ³ 8) Water and sewage takes up energy because of the power it takes to pump water to houses and buildings, and treating water also produces

Gender And Its Effects On Our Society Essay - 1519 Words

Gender plays an important part in the way our society is shaped. Through examining gender-based inequalities in the public and in the workplace and this essay aims to visit some of the unfrequented borders of sexual violence, and to translate their effects on our society through the theme of differences and divisions. Sociologists assert that an individual’s sex can have significant disparity to their gender. Sex is defined by biological means including an individual’s anatomy that has been assigned by natural causes. Contrastingly gender has interdependent elements that put an individual in specific socially constructed categories. (McLennan, McManus, Spoonley , 2010). From the outset these categories are noticeable. An example can be found in the way in which the actions of newborns are analysed and how these perceptions can completely differ based on the infant’s gender assignment. For example, the crying of a biologically male child is viewed as an indicator of masculinity and power while contrastingly that of a female is perceived as weakness. These types of gender socialisations set the foundation for the discrepancies between the ideologies formed for men and woman. The consequences of gender are not only significant to human development but also abundant in society, seeing gender play a role in all aspects of life. The profusion of influence exerted by gender roles claims principal accountability for continual inequalities in our society (Massey University,Show MoreRelatedGender Inequality And The Corporate World : How Do You Feel About Women Holding Higher Positions Within Corporations?1516 Words   |  7 PagesGender Inequality in the Corporate World How do you feel about women holding higher positions within corporations? In today’s society, there are several inequalities between women and men. 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Arabic Writing System And The Chinese Writing System - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Arabic Writing System And The Chinese Writing System. Answer: Introduction The emergence of writing system further known as script, characters or orthography is regarded as one of the most significant achievements to humankind. According to Perfetti and Harris (2013), the art of primitive tool making to the days of contemporary expertise, it has been believed that homo sapiens have travelled a long way in order to reinstate ancient stones and bricks to pen and paper and even advanced electronic gadgets in recent times. Eminent authors like Saiegh-Haddad and Henkin-Roitfarb (2014) mentioned that without the emergence of writing, the development of human civilization and knowledge would not have been achievable have mentioned it. This paper will intend to focus on two of the major writing systems of the world namely, the Arabic writing system and the Chinese writing system. In addition to this, the report will further shed light on the origin, characteristics of these two writing system by evaluating their respective phonetics, logograms, segments as well as signs in order to implicitly understand the two writing systems. Arabic Writing System According to Sahlolet al. (2014), the foundation of the Arabic writing system can be traced to the conceptualization of inscription and writing of the people belonging to the semi-nomadic Nabataean tribal community, who colonized the southern region of Syria and Jordan, along with other areas such as Northern Arabia as well as the Sinai Peninsula. It has been believed that the stone inscriptions existing in writings of Nabataean reveal immense likenesses to the contemporary form of Arabic writing method. As per Blucheet al. (2014), Arabic scripting system comprises mostly of consonants and vowel along with the certain level of modifications on the similar fundamental letter shapes utilized to create a representation of a varied number of resonance and sounds. The alphabetical range of Arabic system includes eighteen figures and shapes that express around twenty-eight phonetic sounds by the aid of diacritical symbols. Arabic is written from the right hand side continuing to the left. While the figures or numbers are written from left to right. However, Perfetti and Harris (2013) noted that until the beginning of twentieth century, the concept of punctuation marks was not implemented. Furthermore, short vowels, which are signified by a range of symbols and marks, positioned below or above the letters facilitate in the process of pronunciation as well as articulation of a word. They further stated that these set of symbols are only present in the Quran, the holy book of Islam, whereby there is immense significance of proper recitation and citations are essential for the beginners or novice readers. The alphabets of the Arab language according to Saiegh-Haddad and Henkin-Roitfarb (2014), further regarded as Arabiyyah is referred as scripts or writings used to inscribe a large numbers of languages in varied geographical regions. However, the Modern Standard Arabic Method of Writing is regarded as a standardized as well as literary form of the language that is used i n majority of the formal speech across the Arab region in order to facilitate effective communication. According to Rojo (2014), the Modern Standard Arabic is considered as an esteemed variety. Brierleyet al.(2016) formulate the concept of Diglossia that is a term used for two different variations of similar language is characteristically regarded as a division in purpose and utilization between MSA and the nationwide spoken range of Arabic language. However, being employed in formal as well as official contexts, MSA is not widely used by the Arabic speakers during a regular means of interpersonal communication. Chinese Writing System The Chinese writing system is regarded as the most complex form of language, which does not comprise an alphabet that is a set of figures and characters representing several units of sound and resonance. As per Henderson (2013),this type of writing system comprises an unrestricted set of symbols and fonts representing a word. Chinese writing system requires several set of characters, symbols and fonts in order to represent each of its distinctive morphemes. This writing system has been considered as the oldest form of writing system existing in the world. However, Wei (2014) noted that according to old Chinese legendary scripts, Cangjie a historian official was responsible for its invention under the regime of legendary emperor Huangdi during 2600BC. Andersonet al. (2013) conceptualized that written Chinese inscriptions are regarded as a script of ideograms, which can be characterized into six broad categories such as pictogram or figures, ideograph, logical collective, pictophonetic compounds as well as associate alteration. Williams (2016), noted that the scripted form of Chinese characters are regarded as hnz which are considered to be formerly images of humans, animals and several other things. However,these Chinese characters have transformed gradually into a more stylized form and do not have comprised any resemblance of the things, which they used to represent. Tianet al. (2015) mentioned in his writing that among the 56,000 Chinese fonts and symbols that are in existence, the major section of these characters would be incomprehensible and vague to the classic and typical Chinese reader. He further mentioned that a distinctive Chinese who reads would only require acquiring 3000 fonts and characters in order to learn Chinese language. There lies a dispute in learning the ways to read as well as inscribe thousands of characters comprising the Chinese language. As per Perfetti and Harris (2013), this has further led to the generalization of Chinese writing method initiated by the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) in 1956, which has been recognized in the process of colonization as well as translation industry called Chinese. Tranter (2013) took into account that in this process around 2000 fonts of Chinese writing system had been simplified to read as well as write. However, in recent times, Chinese is consideredas a standardized form of writing by the PRC barring Hong Kong and Singapore, whereby the conventional or traditional form of Chinese method is still regarded as the standard language system for regions such as Hong Kong, Taiwan along with Macau. Subsection Arabic Writing System (I) Phonetics- According to Sahlolet al. (2014), Arabic writing system comprises of almost 30 phonetically unique consonant segments along with six vowels. However, in terms of the range of consonants, the Arabic writing system can be positioned within the range of 20- 37 subdivisions whereas, other languages are likely to be varying towards 20-27 resonance. However, Perfetti and Harris (2013) noted if more than 20 Arabic geminates can be incorporated, the overall sections in Arabic writing system reaches a range of 53 that is considered to be more twice the means for the language system across the world. (II) Logograms- It has widely understood that Arabic script is not only implemented to write the language of Arab. Brierley et al.(2016) noted mentioned that several other languages namely, Urdu, Persian, Sindhi as well as Malay can be sited as instances that use Arabic scripts in their writing method. However, this language system does not reveal any logographic signs. (III) Syllabary- According to Rojo (2014), Arabic characters can be written in two varied alphabetic orthographies, a voweled intensely swallow and the other one that in unvoweled that has immense depth because of the deficientphonological detailed information when short vowels are absent or being omitted. (IV) Segments- As per Saiegh-Haddad (2014), Segmentation of Urdu script while scripting in Nastaliq writing technique is considered a comprehensive task because of the complexities of writing techniques in comparison to the Naskh writing technique.It must be noted that the Arabic writing recognition has gathered the awareness because of its challenging nature. (V) Signs and Symbols- Vowels and symbols belonging to the Arabic language, resemble dashes and symbols positioned below or above the Arabic letters to articulate the pronunciation of the language in a correct manner. Saiegh-Haddad provided an instance, the word Sharibathat is to drink or consume is similar to /shrb/ but have incorporated distinctive symbols to the readers and listeners to simplify the words. Chinese Writing System (I) Phonetics- The most popular Chinese phonetic systems are the Zhuyin alphabet and Hanyu Pinyin. As per Henderson (2013), it must be noted that Chinese employ these two phonetic methods primarily to learn the enunciation and pronunciation of the language and not in form of a writing system. Among these two Pinyin is regarded as the most commonly used phonetics in Mainland China. This phonetic system immensely aids the complex form of language easier to comprehend for meaning of the characters to foreigners and the ones unknown to the language. (II) Logograms- Anderson et al. (2013) mentioned that Chinese language can be sited as an exceptional example of logographic system whereby each of the Chinese symbols and characters signifies a single unit of meaning or morpheme along with a sole segment of speech. However, Chinese has eventually adapted a characteristic progress of logographic writing method. Initially images were used in order to comprehend thoughts and ideas, however recently, symbols and characters are used to demonstrate specific connotations and ideas. For example, a sword symbol can be used to express anger. (III) Syllabary- As per Tranter (2013), the systematic method of sound in Chinese language is manifested by the use of tones and resonance in order to specify the differences of connotations between words or syllables. Chinese words generally comprises of one syllable, however contemporary Chinese style employs compound language with higher numbers of suffixes. (IV) Segments- Tianet al. (2015) stated that Chinese character segmentation is referred as a key factor of recognition. The rate of accuracy of segmentation of Chinese fonts and characters plays a vital role for the performance of Chinese fonts recognition method. (V) Signs and Symbols- Wei 2014 acknowledged that signs and symbols are regarded as innovative technique of communication because of its magnificence as well as functionality. This form of language is taken through characters and symbols. In recent times, almost 4000 signs and symbols are used in the process of conveying messages through Chinese language. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that an individuals illiteracy incorporates the parallel growth of scripted forms of the language known as upper and lower. The fundamental symbolic concepts of each writing system describe the words of the similar spoken language. The above discussion has evaluated those essential symbolic concepts vary so implicitly that knowing a single writing system will not facilitate the ability of speaking the particular language. The report has focused on the Chinese and Arabic writing systems by evaluating the origin, characteristics, logograms, signs, symbols, Syllabary and segmentation of each of these writing systems. References Anderson, R.C., Ku, Y.M., Li, W., Chen, X., Wu, X. and Shu, H., 2013. Learning to see the patterns in Chinese characters.Scientific Studies of Reading,17(1), pp.41-56. Bluche, T., Louradour, J., Knibbe, M., Moysset, B., Benzeghiba, M.F. and Kermorvant, C., 2014, April. The a2ia arabic handwritten text recognition system at the open hart2013 evaluation. InDocument Analysis Systems (DAS), 2014 11th IAPR International Workshop on(pp. 161-165). IEEE. Brierley, C., Sawalha, M., Heselwood, B. and Atwell, E., 2016. A Verified Arabic-IPA mapping for Arabic transcription technology, informed by Quranic recitation, traditional Arabic linguistics, and modern phonetics.Journal of Semitic Studies,61(1), pp.157-186. Henderson, E.H., 2013. The interface of lexical competence and knowledge of written words. InDevelopment of orthographic knowledge and the foundations of literacy(pp. 15-44). Routledge. Perfetti, C.A. and Harris, L.N., 2013. Universal reading processes are modulated by language and writing system.Language Learning and Development,9(4), pp.296-316. Rojo, L.M., 2014. Taking over the square: The role of linguistic practices in contesting urban spaces.Journal of Language and Politics,13(4), pp.623-652. Sahlol, A.T., Suen, C.Y., Elbasyouni, M.R. and Sallam, A.A., 2014. A proposed ocr algorithm for the recognition of handwritten arabic characters.J. Pattern Recognit. Intell. Syst, pp.8-22. Saiegh-Haddad, E. and Henkin-Roitfarb, R., 2014. The structure of Arabic language and orthography. InHandbook of Arabic literacy(pp. 3-28). Springer, Dordrecht. Tian, J., Wang, R., Wang, G., Liu, J. and Xia, Y., 2015. A two-stage character segmentation method for Chinese license plate.Computers Electrical Engineering,46, pp.539-553. Tranter, N., 2013. Logography and layering: A functional cross-linguistic analysis.Written Language Literacy,16(1), pp.1-31. Wei, B., 2014. The origin and evolvement of Chinese characters.Gda?skieStudiaAzjiWschodniej,2014(Zeszyt 5), pp.33-44. Williams, C., 2016. The Chinese Language. InTeaching English Reading in the Chinese-Speaking World(pp. 19-38). Springer, Singapore.

Computer Hacker Essay Example For Students

Computer Hacker Essay Laws must be passed to address the increase in the number and types of computer crimes. Over the last twenty years, a technological revolution has occurred as computers are now an essential element of todays society. Large computers are used to track reservations for the airline industry, process billions of dollars for banks, manufacture products for industry, and conduct major transactions for businesses because more and more people now have computers at home and at the office. People commit computer crimes because of societys declining ethical standards more than any economic need. According to experts, gender is the only bias. The profile of todays non-professional thieves crosses all races, age groups and economic strata. Computer criminals tend to be relatively honest and in a position of trust: few would do anything to harm another human, and most do not consider their crime to be truly dishonest. Most are males: women have tended to be accomplices, though of late they are becoming more aggressive. Computer Criminals tend to usually be between the ages of 14-30, they are usually bright, eager, highly motivated, adventuresome, and willing to accept technical challenges.(Shannon, 16:2) It is tempting to liken computer criminals to other criminals, ascribing characteristics somehow different from normal individuals, but that is not the case. (Sharp, 18:3) It is believed that the computer criminal often marches to the same drum as the potential victim but follows and unanticipated path.(Blumenthal, 1:2) There is no actual profile of a computer criminal because they range from young teens to elders, from black to white, from short to tall. Definitions of computer crime has changed over the years as the users and misusers of computers have expanded into new areas. When computers were first introduced into businesses, computer crime was defined simply as a form of white-collar crime committed inside a computer system. (2600:Summer 92,p.13) Some new terms have been added to the computer criminal vocabulary. Trojan Horse is a hidden code put into a computer program. Logic bombs are implanted so that the perpetrator doesnt have to physically present himself or herself. (Phrack 12,p.43) Another form of a hidden code is salamis. It came from the big salami loaves sold in delis years ago. Often people would take small portions of bites that were taken out of them and then they were secretly returned to the shelves in the hopes that no one would notice them missing. (Phrack 12,p.44) Congress has been reacting to the outbreak of computer crimes. The U.S. House of Judiciary Committee approved a bipartisan computer crime bill that was expanded to make it a federal crime to hack into credit and other data bases protected by federal privacy statutes.(Markoff, B 13:1) This bill is generally creating several categories of federal misdemeanor felonies for unauthorized access to computers to obtain money, goods or services or classified information. This also applies to computers used by the federal government or used in interstate of foreign commerce which would cover any system accessed by interstate telecommunication systems. Computer crime often requires more sophistications than people realize it. (Sullivan, 40:4) Many U.S. businesses have ended up in bankruptcy court unaware that they have been victimized by disgruntled employees. American businesses wishes that the computer security nightmare would vanish like a fairy tale. Information processing has grown into a gigantic industry. It accounted for $33 billion in services in 1983, and in 1988 it was accounted to be $88 billion. (Blumenthal, B 1:2) All this information is vulnerable to greedy employees, nosy-teenagers and general carelessness, yet no one knows whether the sea of computer crimes is only as big as the Gulf of Mexico or as huge as the North Atlantic. (Blumenthal,B 1:2) Vulnerability is likely to increase in the future. Sears Scandal of 90's Essay Management often looks the other way when employees play computer games or generate a Snoopy calendar. But, if this becomes excessive the employees is stealing work time. And computers can only process only so many tasks at once. Although considered less severe than other computer crimes such activities can represent a major business loss. While most attention is currently being given to the criminal aspects of computer abuses, it is likely that civil action will have an equally important effect on long term security problems.(Alexander, V119) The issue of computer crimes draw attention to the civil or liability aspects in computing environments. In the future there may tend to be more individual and class action suits. Conclusion, computer crimes are fast and growing because the evolution of technology is fast, but the evolution of law is slow. While a variety of states have passed legislation relating to computer crime, the situation is a national problem that requires a national solution. Controls can be instituted within industries to prevent such crimes. Protection measures such as hardware identification, access controls software and disconnecting critical bank applications should be devised. However, computers dont commit crimes; people do. The perpetrators best advantage is ignorance on the part of those protecting the system. Proper internal controls reduce the opportunity for fraud. BibliographyBIBLIOGRAPHYAlexander, Charles, Crackdown on Computer Capers, Time, Feb. 8, 1982, V119. Ball, Leslie D., Computer Crime, Technology Review, April 1982, V85. Blumenthal,R. Going Undercover in the Computer Underworld. New York Times, Jan. 26, 1993, B, 1:2. Carley, W. As Computers Flip, People Lose Grip in Saga of Sabatoge at Printing Firm. Wall Street Journal, Aug. 27, 1992, A, 1:1. Carley, W. In-House Hackers: Rigging Computers for Fraud or Malice Is Often an Inside Job. Wall Street Journal, Aug 27, 1992, A, 7:5. Markoff, J. Hackers Indicted on Spy Charges. New York Times, Dec. 8, 1992, B, 13:1. Finn, Nancy and Peter,Dont Rely on the Law to Stop Computer Crime, Computer World, Dec. 19, 1984, V18. Phrack Magazine issues 1-46. Compiled by Knight Lightning and Phiber Optik. Shannon, L R. THe Happy Hacker. New York Times, Mar. 21, 1993, 7, 16:2. Sharp, B. The Hacker Crackdown. New York Times, Dec. 20, 1992, 7, 18:3. Sullivan, D. U.S. Charges Young Hackers. New York Times, Nov. 15, 1992, 1, 40:4. 2600: The Hacker Quarterly. Issues Summer 92-Spring 93. Compiled by Emmanuel Goldstein.Technology Essays